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bacteriophage
anyofagroupofusuallycomplexvirusesthatinfectbacteria.discoveredintheearly20thcentury,bacteriophageswereusedtotreathumanbacterialdiseasessuchasbubonicplagueandcholera,butwerenotsuccessful;theywereabandonedwiththeadventofantibioticsinthe1940s.theriseofdrug-resistantbacteriainthe1990sfocusedrenewedattentiononthetherapeuticpotentialofbacteriophages.thousandsofvarietiesexist,eachofwhichmayinfectonlyoneorafewtypesofbacteria.thecoreofabacteriophage'sgeneticmaterialmaybeeitherdnaorrna.oninfectingahostcell,bacteriophagesknownaslyticorvirulentphagesreleasereplicatedviralparticlesbylysing(bursting)thehostcell.othertypes,knownaslysogenicortemperate,integratetheirnucleicacidintothehost'schromosometobereplicatedduringcelldivision.duringthistimetheyarenotvirulent.theviralgenomemaylaterbecomeactive,initiatingproductionofviralparticlesanddestructionofthehostcell.a.d.hersheyandmarthachaseusedabacteriophageinafamous1952experimentthatsupportedthetheorythatdnaisthegeneticmaterial.becausebacteriophagegenomesaresmallandbecauselargequantitiescanbepreparedinthelaboratory,theyareafavoriteresearchtoolofmolecularbiologists.studiesofphageshavehelpedilluminategeneticrecombination,nucleic-acidreplication,andproteinsynthesis.
